Under Article 48, the contempt power may be exercised by the following judicial officers: any judge of the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces and any judge of a Court of Criminal Appeals under Article 66; any military judge detailed to a court-martial, a provost court, a military commission, or any other proceeding under the UCMJ; any military magistrate designated to preside under Article 19; and the president of a court of inquiry. Article 48 makes punishable “direct” contempt, as well as “indirect” or “constructive” contempt. “Direct” contempt is that which is committed in the presence of the judicial officer during the proceeding or in the immediate proximity. “Presence” includes those places outside the courtroom itself, such as waiting areas, deliberation rooms, and other places set aside for the use of the court-martial or other proceeding while it is in session. “Indirect” or “constructive” contempt is non-compliance with lawful writs, processes, orders, rules, decrees, or commands of the judicial officer. A “direct” or “indirect” contempt may be actually seen or heard by the judicial officer, in which case it may be punished summarily. See subsection (b)(1) of this rule. A “direct” or “indirect” contempt may also be a contempt not actually observed by the judicial officer, for example, when an unseen person makes loud noises, whether inside or outside the courtroom, which impede the orderly progress of the proceedings. In such a case the procedures for punishing for contempt are more extensive. See R.C.M. 809(b)(2). The words “any person,” as used in Article 48, include all persons, whether or not subject to military law, except the military judge, members, and foreign nationals outside the territorial limits of the United States who are not subject to the UCMJ. The military judge may order the offender removed whether or not contempt proceedings are held. It may be appropriate to warn a person whose conduct is improper that persistence in a course of behavior may result in removal or punishment for contempt. See R.C.M. 804, 806. Each contempt may be separately punished. A person subject to the UCMJ who commits contempt may be tried by court-martial or otherwise disciplined under Article 134 for such misconduct in addition to or instead of punishment for contempt. See paragraph 85, Part IV; see also Article 131d. The 2011 amendment of Article 48 expanded the contempt power of military courts to enable them to enforce orders, such as discovery orders or protective orders regarding evidence, against military or civilian attorneys. Persons not subject to military jurisdiction under Article 2, having been duly subpoenaed, may be prosecuted in federal civilian court under Article 47 for neglect or refusal to appear or refusal to qualify as a witness or to testify or to produce evidence.