Chapter XII · Appeals and Review

R.C.M. 1202. Appellate counsel

2024 Manual for Courts-Martial, United States

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(a) In general. The Judge Advocate General concerned shall detail one or more commissioned officers as appellate Government counsel and one or more commissioned officers as appellate defense counsel who are qualified under Article 27(b)(1).
(b) Duties.
(1) Appellate Government counsel. Appellate Government counsel shall represent the United States before the Court of Criminal Appeals or the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces when directed to do so by the Judge Advocate General concerned. Appellate Government counsel may represent the United States before the United States Supreme Court when requested to do so by the Attorney General.
(2) Appellate defense counsel.
(A) In every general and special court-martial that includes a finding of guilty, an appellate defense counsel shall be detailed to review the case, unless the accused has waived the right to appeal under Article 61 or submits a written statement declining representation. Upon request, the detailed appellate defense counsel shall represent the accused in accordance with subparagraph (B).
Discussion
See R.C.M. 1203(c) and R.C.M. 1115.
(B) Appellate defense counsel shall represent the accused before the Court of Criminal Appeals, the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, or the Supreme Court when the accused is a party in the case before such court and:
(i) The accused requests to be represented by appellate defense counsel;
Discussion
See Article 65(b) and Article 61.
(ii) The United States is represented by counsel; or
(iii) The Judge Advocate General has sent the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. Appellate defense counsel is authorized to communicate directly with the accused. The accused is a party in the case when named as a party in pleadings before the court or, even if not so named, when the military judge is named as respondent in a petition by the Government for extraordinary relief from a ruling in favor of the accused at trial.
Discussion
For a discussion of the accused’s right to detailed appellate defense counsel in any case eligible for review at the Court of Criminal Appeals, see R.C.M. 1202. See R.C.M. 1204(b)(1) concerning detailing counsel with respect to the right to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces for review. For a discussion of the duties of the trial defense counsel concerning post-trial and appellate matters, see R.C.M. 502(d)(5) Discussion (E). Appellate defense counsel may communicate with trial defense counsel concerning the case. See also Mil. R. Evid. 502 (privileges). If all or part of the findings and sentence are affirmed by the Court of Criminal Appeals, appellate defense counsel should advise the accused whether the accused should petition for further review in the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces and concerning which issues should be raised. The accused may be represented by civilian counsel before the Court of Criminal Appeals, the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and the Supreme Court. Civilian counsel may represent the accused before these courts in addition to or instead of military counsel. If, after any decision of the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, the accused may apply for a writ of certiorari ( see R.C.M. 1205), appellate defense counsel should advise the accused whether to apply for review by the Supreme Court and which issues might be raised. If authorized to do so by the accused, appellate defense counsel may prepare and file a petition for a writ of certiorari on behalf of the accused. The accused has no right to select appellate defense counsel. Under some circumstances, however, the accused may be entitled to request that the detailed appellate defense counsel be replaced by another appellate defense counsel.
(c) Counsel in capital cases. To the greatest extent practicable, in any case in which death is adjudged, at least one appellate defense counsel shall, as determined by the Judge Advocate General, be learned in the law applicable to capital cases. Such counsel may, if necessary, be a civilian, and, if so, may be compensated in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense or the Secretary of Homeland Security, as applicable.
Discussion
See R.C.M. 502(d)(2)(C) concerning the qualifications for counsel learned in the law applicable to capital cases.