Lesser Included Offenses
Lesser included offenses under Article 79, UCMJ (10 U.S.C. § 879), from MCM Appendix 12A and case precedent.
Complete list (28)
| Type | Greater offense (Article) | Offense citation | Reasonably included offense (Article) | RIO citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 85 — Desertion | Para. 9.b.(1)-(3) | Art. 85 — Desertion | Para. 9.b.(4) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 87a — Resistance, flight, breach of arrest, and escape | Para. 12.b.(5) | Art. 86 — Absent without leave | Para. 10.b.(3) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 87b — Offenses against correctional custody and restriction | Para. 13.b.(1) | Art. 86 — Absent without leave | Para. 10.b.(3) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 93a — Prohibited activities with military recruit or trainee by person in position of special trust | Para. 20.b.(1); 20.b.(2) | Art. 93 — Cruelty and maltreatment | Para. 19.b. | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 94 — Mutiny or sedition | Para. 21.b.(1) | Art. 94 — Mutiny or sedition | Para. 21.b.(6) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 100 — Subordinate compelling surrender | Para. 28.b.(1) | Art. 100 — Subordinate compelling surrender | Para. 28.b.(2) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 103a — Espionage | Para. 32.b.(1) | Art. 103a — Espionage | Para. 32.b.(2) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 103b — Aiding the enemy | Para. 33.b.(1) | Art. 103b — Aiding the enemy | Para. 33.b.(2) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 104b — Unlawful enlistment, appointment, or separation | Para. 36.b. | Art. 107 — False official statements; false swearing | Para. 41.b.(1) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 118 — Murder | Para. 56.b.(1); 56.b.(2); 56.b.(3); 56.b.(4) | Art. 114 — Endangerment Offenses | Para. 52.b.(1) | — |
| 79(b)(1) | Art. 118(1) — Premeditated Murder | Art. 118(2) — Unpremeditated Murder | |||
| 79(b)(1) | Art. 118(1) — Premeditated Murder | Art. 119(a) — Voluntary Manslaughter | |||
| 79(b)(1) | Art. 118(2) — Unpremeditated Murder | Art. 119(a) — Voluntary Manslaughter | |||
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 119 — Manslaughter | Para. 57.b.(1) | Art. 114 — Endangerment Offenses | Para. 52.b.(1) | — |
| 79(b)(1) | Art. 119(b) — Involuntary Manslaughter | Art. 128 — Assault Consummated by Battery | |||
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 119a — Death or injury of an unborn child | Para. 58.b.(2); 58.b.(4) | Art. 119a — Death or injury of an unborn child | Para. 58.b.(3) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 120 — Rape and Sexual Assault | Para. 60.b.(1) | Art. 128 — Assault with intent to commit specified offenses (rape) | Para. 77.b.(3) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 120 — Rape and Sexual Assault | Para. 60.b.(2) | Art. 128 — Assault with intent to commit specified offenses (sexual assault) | Para. 77.b.(3) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 120b — Rape of a child | Para. 62.b.(1) | Art. 128 — Assault with intent to commit specified offenses (rape of a child) | Para. 77.b.(3) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 120b — Rape of a child | Para. 62.b.(2) | Art. 128 — Assault with intent to commit specified offenses (sexual assault of a child) | Para. 77.b.(3) | — |
| 79(b)(1) | Art. 121(a)(1) — Larceny | Art. 121(a)(2) — Wrongful Appropriation | |||
| 79(b)(1) | Art. 122 — Robbery | Art. 121(a)(1) — Larceny | |||
| 79(b)(1) | Art. 122 — Robbery | Art. 127 — Extortion | |||
| 79(b)(1) | Art. 122 — Robbery | Art. 128(b) — Assault with a Dangerous Weapon | |||
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 128 — Assault | Para. 77.b.(2); 77.b.(3); 77.b.(4); 77.b.(5) | Art. 128 — Assault | Para. 77.b.(1) | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 134 — Check, worthless making and uttering by dishonorably failing to maintain funds | Para. 94.b. | Art. 134 — Debt, dishonorably failing to pay | Para. 96.b. | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 134 — Child pornography | Para. 95.b.(1); 95.b.(2); 95.b.(3); 95.b.(4) | Art. 134 — Indecent conduct | Para. 104.b. | — |
| 79(b)(2) | Art. 134 — Disloyal statements | Para. 97.b. | Art. 88 — Contempt toward officials | Para. 14.b. | — |
Presidentially-Prescribed Lesser Included Offenses Pursuant to Article 79(b)(2), UCMJ
This authoritative list provides actual notice of factually similar lesser included offenses designated by the President, pursuant to Article 79(b)(2), that are “reasonably included” in the greater offense. The military justice system has unique, but closely related, military offenses, which are not “necessarily included” lesser offenses under the “elements test.” See United States v. Teters, 37 M.J. 370 (C.A.A.F. 1993); see also United States v. Jones, 68 M.J. 465 (C.A.A.F. 2009). This list is exhaustive as to those lesser included offenses (called “reasonably included offenses” in the chart below) that the President has designated pursuant to Article 79(b)(2). However, this list is not intended to address, and does not address, those offenses that are necessarily included in a charged offense and are therefore lesser included offenses pursuant to Article 79(b)(1).